WRITTEN REPORT OF GRAMMAR
Grammer course code 5657
A HIERARCHY OF UNITS MAKES CLEAR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNITS SUCH
AS SENTENCE, CLAUSE, GROUP, WORD AND MORPHEME. EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SENTENCES AND CLAUSES WITH THE HELP OF APPROPRIATE EXAMPLES. SELECT A TEXT OF A
SUITABLE LENGTH (OF AT LEAST TEN SENTENCES) AND ANALYSE THAT TEXT IN TERMS OF
THE ABOVE GRAMMATICAL UNITS. THAT IS, MARK THE BOUNDARIES OF SENTENCE WITH THE
TEXT, CLAUSES WITHIN EACH SENTENCE, GROUPS WITH IN EACH CLAUSE, WORDS WITHIN
EACH GROUP AND MORPHEMES WITH IN WORD.
THE REPORT IS
BEING SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS,
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DIPLOMA OF TEACHING OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN
LANGUAGE (TEFL)
Submitted by
COURSE CODE 5657
Date of submission
DEPARTMENT OF
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS, ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN
Dedication
This Research
Oriented Activity is dedicated to my parents, and teachers.
Acknowledgements
First of all I am very thankful to
Almighty Allah who is the most beneficent, the most merciful and have the power
to create things with one word “Kun”. This project was impossible for me
without his divine help.
I am grateful to all the Teachers who
shared their knowledge with me throughout Tutorials scheduled for Diploma TEFL program
and enabling me to reach this level and to accomplish this Research Oriented
Activity. Specially, I am grateful to Professor Shafqat Zaidi my Teacher for
this course whose guidance was continuously with me throughout this whole
activity.
I am also gratified to my friend Hafiz
Qaiser Hassan for his help during this activity. Thanks to all my friends for
their encouragement.
Naeem Haider Yazdani
AP504248
Table of Contents
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTIVES:
In this report we shall focus on the following objectives:
i.
To
define and explain unites such as sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme.
ii.
To
clarify the difference between units.
iii.
To
explain the difference and relationship between units such as sentence, clause
group, a word and morpheme.
2. OUTLINE:
·
Definition of different units of language.
·
Explanation of unit of language.
·
Relationship between units of language
2.1 DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT UNITS OF LANGUAGE:
The definitions of different units of language are as under:
i.
MORPHOLOGY:
Morphology
is the science and study of the smallest grammatical units of language, and of
their formation into words.
ii.
MORPHEME:
Minimal
units of grammatical structure, such as the four components of unfaithfulness
are called morphemes.
A morpheme is a distinct linguistic
form. Morphemes are customarily described as minimal units of grammatical
analysis. The lowest units of word, out of which, units of next highest rank
are composed. Some morphemes are those distinct, minimal syntactical units
which form words. They can also be defined as the minimal units of meaning out
of which meaningful words are composed in various ways.
iii.
WORD:
If we were to ask any educated person
(but one without linguistic training) what he thought the smallest unit of
language was, then he would most likely say, it was the word. Morphology is
about structure of words. All languages have words, and in all language some
words, at least, have an internal structure and consist of one or more
morphemes.
iv.
GROUP:
Two or more
words combine to from a group. For example in the sentence “poor john ran away”
theme are two groups of words. One group consists of two words: poor and John
and other group is consisted of two words: Ran and away these groups of items
which go together are called phrases. Thus morpheme, words, phrases and clauses
are all constituents of the sentences.
v.
CLAUSES:
A clause is a sentences-group of words which
is enclosed in a longer sentence like a sentence the clause must have a subject
and predicate of its own. A few examples of clauses are:
·
This
is the book which I purchased yesterday.
·
I
shall remember the day when you left us.
vi.
SENTENCE:
A sentence is a basic unit of language
it is a portion of written from between one full stop and another one. A simple
sentence is the one which has one subject and one predicate.
2.2EXPLANATION OF UNITS OF LANGUAGE:
Units of
language can be explained by immediate constituents as analyzed by the
Bloomfield.
IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS:
Immediate
constituent analysis is one of the strong methods of analyzing a sentence
linguistically it aims at finding out the ultimate constituents of a sentence
and their relationship with one another. The constituents are nothing but the
morphemes or groups of morphemes which when structured into successive
component from utterances (sentences). It is the discovery of these
constituents which has come to be known as immediate constituents analysis or
IC analysis. This term
immediate constituent
analysis was introduced by Bloom flied in 1939 who illustrated the way in which
it was possible to take a sentence (poor John ran away) and split it up into
two immediate constituents (Poor John and ran away), these being in turn
analyzable into further constituents poor and John, and ran and away. So a
sentence is seen not as a sequence or string of elements poor + John + ran +
away but as being made up of “layer” of constituents this was made clear in the
form of a tree diagram such as:
|
Poor
|
John
|
Ran
|
Away
|
|
Adjective
|
Noun
|
Verb
|
Particle
|
|
Subject
|
Predicate
|
||
|
Sentence
|
|||
The above
sentence is made up of four morphemes. These morphemes are as follows:
|
Poor
|
John
|
Ran
|
Away
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
These
morphemes are the ultimate constituents of the sentence. The expression
ultimate constituents imply that these elements or units are not further
analyzable at the synthetic level. Each human language has certain permissible
ways of organizing morphemes in its sentence.
2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNITS OF LANGUAGE:
Each language has its linear structure.
The sequential ordinary of the constituents or units is called the linear of
the sentence. The morphemes poor and john, ran and away are tied together these
groups of items which go together are called phrases. Thus morphemes phrases
and clauses are all constituents of sentences.
2.3.1TYPES OF CLAUSES:
Types of Clauses are given below:
i.
INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE.
An independent clause can stand alone by
itself. It is the main clause.
ii.
DEPENDENT
OR SUBORDINATE CLAUSE.
A dependent or subordinate
clause cannot stand alone.
Examples:
I wanted her/but she did not care/independent dependent.
He was given a warm welcome/when he
returned from abroad.
Independent
Dependent
A dependent
clause may functions as a noun, an adjective or an adverb.
For examples:
I must confess/that I stole
the book. /independent clause dependent (noun Clause)
I should like to own
house/that he lives in/independent clause (dependent)
Independent clause adjectives
clause
He was given a hearty
Welcome when he returned from abroad.
Independent clause (dependent) adverb
clause
Noun clauses are introduced
by that, what, who, why whether examples:
What he told us is very
reasonable.
I do not know why he is
absent today.
iii.
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE:
Modify or
point out nouns or pronouns with the help of certain introductory words called
relative the most common relatives are: who, which, that, whose, whom, where,
when and why.
example:
·
This
is the man who helped me.
·
Here
is the book which you need.
iv.
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES:
Come
before, after or in the middle of main clauses-they usually modify verbs. They
may also modify adverbs adjectives. They are often introduced by the
subordinate conjunctions as, as, since, when, after, if, although, because, so
that, how, though, unless, where, while, why.
Examples:
·
He
was honored when he was transferred. (Time)
·
He
hid where no one thought of lodging. (Place)
2.3.2 TYPES OF SENTENCES:
·
Simples sentences
·
Compound sentences
·
Complex sentences
i.
SIMPLES
SENTENCES
A simple
sentence is the one which has one subject and one predicate. It has only one
finite verb, a verb limited by number and person.
Examples:
·
Moshan
is a good boy.
·
Cats
play.
·
Cows
drink water.
ii.
COMPOUND
SENTENCE:
A compound
sentence is the one which is made up of an independent clause or more than one
co-ordinate clauses of the same order or rank. Each clause is dependent of the
other.
A compound
sentence which consists of two clauses is called a double sentence.
Compound sentences which
consist of none than two co-ordinate clauses are called multiple sentences.
Examples:
·
Cats
sleep during the day and wake up at night.
·
Boy
plays while girls work.
·
The
study was true but nobody believed it.
iii.
COMPLEX
SENTENCE:
A Complex Sentence is the one which consists of an independent or
main clause and one or more subordinate dependent clauses.
Examples:
I like students who
work hard
Main clause dependent
clause
You may leave/ when
I tell you/
MC DC
When you grow up you
will be free
DC MC
2.4 TEXT:
It is not
always easy to destroy books. They may not have as many lives as a cat, but
they certainly die hard and it is sometimes difficult to find a scaffold for
them. The difficulty once brought me almost within the shadow of the Rope. I
was living in a small heaven-kissing flat in clesea, and books of inferior,
minor verse gradually accumulated there until at least I was faced with
alternative of either inciting the books or else leaving them in sole, co
undisturbed tenancy and taking room elsewhere for myself. Now no one would have
bought these books. I therefore put the map altogether. But so were the score
of them. I had no literature range and I could not test them on the gas-cover or consume them leaf by leaf
in my small study fire for it is almost as useless to try to burn a bank
without opening it as to try to burn a piece of granite. So in the end, impediment
to do to them what so many people does to kittens.
His them up and consign them to the
river. I compromised a sack, stuffed the books into it put it over my shoulder,
and went down the stairs into the darkness.
2.4.1 CANALIZATION OF TEXT IN TERMS Of GRAMMATICAL UNITS
i.
Sentence
within the text:
·
It
is not always easy to destroy books.
·
It
is sometimes difficult to find a scaffold for them.
·
I
was living in a small and heaven- kissing flat in clesea.
ii.
Clauses
within each sentence:
- It
is sometimes difficult to find a scaffold for books.
Main clause Dependent
clause
- I
was living in a small room/ as Shakespeare would say heaven-kissing flat
Independent clause dependent
clause
iii.
Phrases
or groups within each clause:
·
It
is sometimes difficult
·
To
find a scaffold
·
For
books
·
In a
small room
iv.
Words
with in each group:
·
It,
is sometimes, difficult
·
To
find, a scaffold
·
For
books
·
In a
small room
v.
Morphemes
within each word:
·
Word
sometimes has two morphemes some and times
·
The
word books has two morphemes “book” and “s”
CONCLUSION:
We can conclude that hierarchy or
arrangement of units makes clear the difference between units such as sentence,
clause, group, and word impended. These units of language are related with each
other because they combine to form sentence which we can understand by
analyzing these units. Ranking of units makes us to understand the structure of
different sentences.
Section
II
A): Introduction
of the student
|
Last degree obtained:
|
M.A ENGLISH
|
|
Organization’s name:
|
PUNJAB FORENSIC SCIENCE AGENCY ,HOME DEPARTMENT THOKER
NIAZ BAIG LAHORE
|
|
Designation:
|
Assistant (Admin)
|
|
Experience:
|
3 Years
|
B): Bibliography
·
Linguistics
and phonetics by late Dr. Redhey L. Varshney
·
Teaching
of English as a foreign language by Prof. Subhan Naqvi
·
Grammar
code no 552
·
A
handbook of linguistics by Prof. Saeed Asghar
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